PT Bank Central Asia Tbk Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of PT Bank Central Asia Tbk for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0371 | + | 0.892 * 1.1384 | + | 0.115 * 0.864 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9785 | + | 4.679 * -0.00673 | - | 0.327 * 1.3073 |
| = | -2.49 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was Rp0 Mil.
Revenue was 25607364 + 25604842 + 25146177 + 25556281 = Rp101,914,664 Mil.
Gross Profit was 25607364 + 25604842 + 25146177 + 25556281 = Rp101,914,664 Mil.
Total Current Assets was Rp127,933,638 Mil.
Total Assets was Rp1,408,107,010 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was Rp26,824,744 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was Rp3,402,740 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was Rp12,653,813 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was Rp8,105,839 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was Rp2,371,888 Mil.
Net Income was 12218745 + 12230171 + 12660422 + 11529784 = Rp48,639,122 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = Rp0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 12366432 + -3764326 + 24256390 + 25256970 = Rp58,115,466 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was Rp0 Mil.
Revenue was 24759695 + 22618699 + 21123244 + 21021870 = Rp89,523,508 Mil.
Gross Profit was 24759695 + 22618699 + 21123244 + 21021870 = Rp89,523,508 Mil.
Total Current Assets was Rp161,598,872 Mil.
Total Assets was Rp1,314,731,674 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was Rp24,709,372 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was Rp2,662,190 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was Rp11,360,112 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was Rp5,378,229 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was Rp2,105,543 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 101914664) | / | (0 / 89523508) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (89523508 / 89523508) | / | (101914664 / 101914664) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (127933638 + 26824744) / 1408107010) | / | (1 - (161598872 + 24709372) / 1314731674) |
| = | 0.890095 | / | 0.858292 |
| | = | 1.0371 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 101914664 | / | 89523508 |
| | = | 1.1384 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (2662190 / (2662190 + 24709372)) | / | (3402740 / (3402740 + 26824744)) |
| = | 0.097261 | / | 0.112571 |
| | = | 0.864 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (12653813 / 101914664) | / | (11360112 / 89523508) |
| = | 0.124161 | / | 0.126895 |
| | = | 0.9785 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((2371888 + 8105839) / 1408107010) | / | ((2105543 + 5378229) / 1314731674) |
| = | 0.007441 | / | 0.005692 |
| | = | 1.3073 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (48639122 - 0 | - | 58115466) | / | 1408107010 |
| | = | -0.00673 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
PT Bank Central Asia Tbk has a M-score of -2.49 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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