Banco BBVA Argentina Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Banco BBVA Argentina for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.1488 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9549 | + | 0.892 * 0.5882 | + | 0.115 * 4.2948 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.7381 | + | 4.679 * -0.115734 | - | 0.327 * 0.153 |
| = | -3.49 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €15 Mil.
Revenue was 981.924 + 2661.504 + 820.91 + 873.847 = €5,338 Mil.
Gross Profit was 981.924 + 2661.504 + 820.91 + 873.847 = €5,338 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0 Mil.
Total Assets was €8,850 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €508 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €81 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €1,194 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €13 Mil.
Net Income was 37.976 + 207.335 + 25.786 + 115.598 = €387 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 0 + 911.782 + 234.485 + 264.674 = €1,411 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €172 Mil.
Revenue was 2826.609 + 3436.923 + 1644.14 + 1168.078 = €9,076 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2826.609 + 3436.923 + 1644.14 + 1168.078 = €9,076 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0 Mil.
Total Assets was €11,157 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €144 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €209 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €2,751 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €111 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (15.065 / 5338.185) | / | (172.079 / 9075.75) |
| = | 0.002822 | / | 0.01896 |
| | = | 0.1488 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (9075.75 / 9075.75) | / | (5338.185 / 5338.185) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 508.484) / 8850.015) | / | (1 - (0 + 144.448) / 11157.082) |
| = | 0.942544 | / | 0.987053 |
| | = | 0.9549 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 5338.185 | / | 9075.75 |
| | = | 0.5882 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (208.628 / (208.628 + 144.448)) | / | (81.119 / (81.119 + 508.484)) |
| = | 0.590887 | / | 0.137582 |
| | = | 4.2948 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1194.162 / 5338.185) | / | (2750.831 / 9075.75) |
| = | 0.223702 | / | 0.303097 |
| | = | 0.7381 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((13.428 + 0) / 8850.015) | / | ((110.596 + 0) / 11157.082) |
| = | 0.001517 | / | 0.009913 |
| | = | 0.153 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (386.695 - 0 | - | 1410.941) | / | 8850.015 |
| | = | -0.115734 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Banco BBVA Argentina has a M-score of -3.49 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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