Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2024-05-04), the stock price of Linde is $423.60. Linde's graham number for the quarter that ended in Mar. 2024 was $18.89. Therefore, Linde's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is 22.43.
The historical rank and industry rank for Linde's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
LIN'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 3.31 Med: 4.88 Max: 24.58
Current: 22.42
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Linde was 24.58. The lowest was 3.31. And the median was 4.88.
LIN's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked worse than 99.74% of 1144
companies
in the Chemicals industry
Industry Median: 1.45
vs LIN: 22.42
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Linde Graham Number Historical Data
The historical data trend for Linde's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
For the Specialty Chemicals subindustry, Linde's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Linde's Price-to-Graham-Number Distribution in the Chemicals Industry
For the Chemicals industry and Basic Materials sector, Linde's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Linde's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
Linde Graham Number Calculation
Graham Number is a concept based on Ben Graham's conservative valuation of companies.
Linde's Graham Number for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2023 is calculated as
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Linde (NAS:LIN) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Linde's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Mar. 2024 )
=
423.60
/
18.89
=
22.43
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Linde Graham Number Related Terms
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of Linde's Graham Number provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
Linde is the largest industrial gas supplier in the world, with operations in over 100 countries. The firm's main products are atmospheric gases (including oxygen, nitrogen, and argon) and process gases (including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium), as well as equipment used in industrial gas production. Linde serves a wide variety of end markets, including chemicals, manufacturing, healthcare, and steelmaking. Linde generated approximately $33 billion in revenue and $5.4 billion in GAAP operating profit in 2022.
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