JPMorgan Chase Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of JPMorgan Chase for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9855 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.002 | + | 0.892 * 1.1253 | + | 0.115 * 0.9669 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9667 | + | 4.679 * 0.01952 | - | 0.327 * 1.0853 |
| = | -2.32 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €119,437 Mil.
Revenue was 38555.36 + 35396.2 + 37256.057 + 35611.186 = €146,819 Mil.
Gross Profit was 38555.36 + 35396.2 + 37256.057 + 35611.186 = €146,819 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €843,902 Mil.
Total Assets was €3,763,469 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €27,857 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €7,263 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €48,848 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €353,041 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €364,202 Mil.
Net Income was 12345.48 + 8534.519 + 12322.487 + 13357.656 = €46,560 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -141825.36 + 55231.827 + 42276.503 + 17412.395 = €-26,905 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €107,705 Mil.
Revenue was 35817.032 + 32579.328 + 33029.02 + 29050.714 = €130,476 Mil.
Gross Profit was 35817.032 + 32579.328 + 33029.02 + 29050.714 = €130,476 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €789,067 Mil.
Total Assets was €3,497,181 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €26,400 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €6,599 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €44,908 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €338,135 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €275,987 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (119437.16 / 146818.803) | / | (107705.144 / 130476.094) |
| = | 0.8135 | / | 0.825478 |
| | = | 0.9855 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (130476.094 / 130476.094) | / | (146818.803 / 146818.803) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (843902.2 + 27856.68) / 3763468.84) | / | (1 - (789066.55 + 26400.444) / 3497180.87) |
| = | 0.768363 | / | 0.766822 |
| | = | 1.002 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 146818.803 | / | 130476.094 |
| | = | 1.1253 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (6598.694 / (6598.694 + 26400.444)) | / | (7263.473 / (7263.473 + 27856.68)) |
| = | 0.199966 | / | 0.206818 |
| | = | 0.9669 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (48848.183 / 146818.803) | / | (44907.512 / 130476.094) |
| = | 0.332711 | / | 0.344182 |
| | = | 0.9667 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((364202.24 + 353040.8) / 3763468.84) | / | ((275986.726 + 338135.086) / 3497180.87) |
| = | 0.19058 | / | 0.175605 |
| | = | 1.0853 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (46560.142 - 0 | - | -26904.635) | / | 3763468.84 |
| | = | 0.01952 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
JPMorgan Chase has a M-score of -2.32 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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