China Development Financial Holding Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of China Development Financial Holding for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0013 | + | 0.892 * 0.3604 | + | 0.115 * 0.8672 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 2.8195 | + | 4.679 * 0.021561 | - | 0.327 * 1.0712 |
| = | -3.30 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was NT$0 Mil.
Revenue was -5228.071 + 14288.268 + 16049.45 + 9960.715 = NT$35,070 Mil.
Gross Profit was -5228.071 + 14288.268 + 16049.45 + 9960.715 = NT$35,070 Mil.
Total Current Assets was NT$0 Mil.
Total Assets was NT$3,648,212 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was NT$43,034 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was NT$4,424 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was NT$8,801 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was NT$0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was NT$159,877 Mil.
Net Income was 1430.324 + 7369.598 + 6640.353 + 3502.425 = NT$18,943 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = NT$0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 12840.183 + -23303.312 + -760.738 + -48492.569 = NT$-59,716 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was NT$0 Mil.
Revenue was -9720.223 + 31727.318 + 32704.845 + 42598.275 = NT$97,310 Mil.
Gross Profit was -9720.223 + 31727.318 + 32704.845 + 42598.275 = NT$97,310 Mil.
Total Current Assets was NT$0 Mil.
Total Assets was NT$3,537,148 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was NT$46,294 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was NT$4,072 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was NT$8,661 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was NT$0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was NT$144,701 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 35070.362) | / | (0 / 97310.215) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (97310.215 / 97310.215) | / | (35070.362 / 35070.362) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 43034.447) / 3648212.053) | / | (1 - (0 + 46294.262) / 3537148.35) |
| = | 0.988204 | / | 0.986912 |
| | = | 1.0013 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 35070.362 | / | 97310.215 |
| | = | 0.3604 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (4071.939 / (4071.939 + 46294.262)) | / | (4424.279 / (4424.279 + 43034.447)) |
| = | 0.080847 | / | 0.093224 |
| | = | 0.8672 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (8800.822 / 35070.362) | / | (8661.235 / 97310.215) |
| = | 0.250948 | / | 0.089006 |
| | = | 2.8195 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((159876.507 + 0) / 3648212.053) | / | ((144700.665 + 0) / 3537148.35) |
| = | 0.043823 | / | 0.040909 |
| | = | 1.0712 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (18942.7 - 0 | - | -59716.436) | / | 3648212.053 |
| | = | 0.021561 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
China Development Financial Holding has a M-score of -3.30 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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