Fubon Financial Holdings Co Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Fubon Financial Holdings Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9996 | + | 0.892 * 0.6741 | + | 0.115 * 1.022 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.9413 | + | 4.679 * 0.013588 | - | 0.327 * 1.0988 |
| = | -2.90 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was NT$0 Mil.
Revenue was 15803.702 + 56581.785 + 67274.738 + 32232.016 = NT$171,892 Mil.
Gross Profit was 15803.702 + 56581.785 + 67274.738 + 32232.016 = NT$171,892 Mil.
Total Current Assets was NT$770,013 Mil.
Total Assets was NT$11,106,312 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was NT$81,844 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was NT$7,460 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was NT$31,150 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was NT$192,661 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was NT$407,810 Mil.
Net Income was -1796.239 + 24907.94 + 28921.89 + 13983.146 = NT$66,017 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = NT$0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 15523.578 + 133567.917 + -90720.712 + -143262.033 = NT$-84,891 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was NT$0 Mil.
Revenue was -32279.264 + 65160.076 + 89263.764 + 132844.501 = NT$254,989 Mil.
Gross Profit was -32279.264 + 65160.076 + 89263.764 + 132844.501 = NT$254,989 Mil.
Total Current Assets was NT$732,588 Mil.
Total Assets was NT$10,587,757 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was NT$75,247 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was NT$7,024 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was NT$23,803 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was NT$177,861 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was NT$343,114 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 171892.241) | / | (0 / 254989.077) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (254989.077 / 254989.077) | / | (171892.241 / 171892.241) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (770012.893 + 81844.309) / 11106312.242) | / | (1 - (732587.561 + 75246.524) / 10587756.71) |
| = | 0.9233 | / | 0.923701 |
| | = | 0.9996 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 171892.241 | / | 254989.077 |
| | = | 0.6741 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (7023.618 / (7023.618 + 75246.524)) | / | (7460.071 / (7460.071 + 81844.309)) |
| = | 0.085373 | / | 0.083535 |
| | = | 1.022 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (31150.154 / 171892.241) | / | (23803.439 / 254989.077) |
| = | 0.181219 | / | 0.093351 |
| | = | 1.9413 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((407810.317 + 192661.253) / 11106312.242) | / | ((343114.248 + 177861.103) / 10587756.71) |
| = | 0.054066 | / | 0.049205 |
| | = | 1.0988 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (66016.737 - 0 | - | -84891.25) | / | 11106312.242 |
| | = | 0.013588 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Fubon Financial Holdings Co has a M-score of -2.90 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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