Gulf Insurance Group Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Gulf Insurance Group for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8399 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9991 | + | 0.892 * 1.1768 | + | 0.115 * 1.0889 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0 | + | 4.679 * -0.05202 | - | 0.327 * 1.8085 |
| = | -2.80 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was ﷼56 Mil.
Revenue was 335.06 + 389.331 + 320.345 + 871.169 = ﷼1,916 Mil.
Gross Profit was 335.06 + 389.331 + 320.345 + 871.169 = ﷼1,916 Mil.
Total Current Assets was ﷼0 Mil.
Total Assets was ﷼2,838 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was ﷼38 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was ﷼18 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was ﷼0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was ﷼0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was ﷼30 Mil.
Net Income was -20.218 + 21.951 + 10.196 + 39.688 = ﷼52 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = ﷼0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -8.68 + 69.344 + 92.797 + 45.765 = ﷼199 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was ﷼56 Mil.
Revenue was 410.054 + 404.982 + 397.287 + 415.711 = ﷼1,628 Mil.
Gross Profit was 410.054 + 404.982 + 397.287 + 415.711 = ﷼1,628 Mil.
Total Current Assets was ﷼0 Mil.
Total Assets was ﷼2,651 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was ﷼33 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was ﷼18 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was ﷼1 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was ﷼0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was ﷼15 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (55.66 / 1915.905) | / | (56.315 / 1628.034) |
| = | 0.029052 | / | 0.034591 |
| | = | 0.8399 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1628.034 / 1628.034) | / | (1915.905 / 1915.905) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 37.995) / 2837.57) | / | (1 - (0 + 33.135) / 2650.554) |
| = | 0.98661 | / | 0.987499 |
| | = | 0.9991 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1915.905 | / | 1628.034 |
| | = | 1.1768 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (18.34 / (18.34 + 33.135)) | / | (18.477 / (18.477 + 37.995)) |
| = | 0.356289 | / | 0.327189 |
| | = | 1.0889 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 1915.905) | / | (0.554 / 1628.034) |
| = | 0 | / | 0.00034 |
| | = | 0 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((29.914 + 0) / 2837.57) | / | ((15.449 + 0) / 2650.554) |
| = | 0.010542 | / | 0.005829 |
| | = | 1.8085 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (51.617 - 0 | - | 199.226) | / | 2837.57 |
| | = | -0.05202 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Gulf Insurance Group has a M-score of -2.80 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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