Koppers Holdings Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Koppers Holdings's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Koppers Holdings Beneish M-Score Chart
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Koppers Holdings Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.71 |
-2.43 |
-2.59 |
-2.37 |
-2.76 |
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Koppers Holdings Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.37 |
-2.43 |
-2.38 |
-2.54 |
-2.76 |
Competitive Comparison of Koppers Holdings's Beneish M-Score
For the Specialty Chemicals subindustry, Koppers Holdings's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Koppers Holdings's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Chemicals Industry
For the Chemicals industry and Basic Materials sector, Koppers Holdings's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Koppers Holdings's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Koppers Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Koppers Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8627 | + | 0.528 * 0.883 | + | 0.404 * 0.8963 | + | 0.892 * 1.0877 | + | 0.115 * 1.096 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0441 | + | 4.679 * -0.032198 | - | 0.327 * 0.9484 |
| = | -2.76 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $202 Mil.
Revenue was 513.2 + 550.4 + 577.2 + 513.4 = $2,154 Mil.
Gross Profit was 96.5 + 111.4 + 112.5 + 104.1 = $425 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $699 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,836 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $722 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $57 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $174 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $326 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $903 Mil.
Net Income was 12.9 + 26.3 + 24.5 + 25.5 = $89 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 1.6 = $2 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 66.6 + 81.6 + 13.2 + -15.3 = $146 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $216 Mil.
Revenue was 482.6 + 536.1 + 502.5 + 459.3 = $1,981 Mil.
Gross Profit was 76.1 + 96.4 + 83.1 + 89 = $345 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $637 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,711 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $644 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $56 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $153 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $324 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $884 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (202.4 / 2154.2) | / | (215.7 / 1980.5) |
| = | 0.093956 | / | 0.108912 |
| | = | 0.8627 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (344.6 / 1980.5) | / | (424.5 / 2154.2) |
| = | 0.173996 | / | 0.197057 |
| | = | 0.883 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (699 + 722.2) / 1835.5) | / | (1 - (636.8 + 643.6) / 1711.4) |
| = | 0.225715 | / | 0.251841 |
| | = | 0.8963 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 2154.2 | / | 1980.5 |
| | = | 1.0877 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (56.1 / (56.1 + 643.6)) | / | (57 / (57 + 722.2)) |
| = | 0.080177 | / | 0.073152 |
| | = | 1.096 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (174.1 / 2154.2) | / | (153.3 / 1980.5) |
| = | 0.080819 | / | 0.077405 |
| | = | 1.0441 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((902.8 + 325.9) / 1835.5) | / | ((884 + 324) / 1711.4) |
| = | 0.669409 | / | 0.705855 |
| | = | 0.9484 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (89.2 - 2.2 | - | 146.1) | / | 1835.5 |
| | = | -0.032198 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Koppers Holdings has a M-score of -2.76 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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