Berkshire Hathaway Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Berkshire Hathaway for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.5589 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9776 | + | 0.892 * 1.7827 | + | 0.115 * 0.9473 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.6057 | + | 4.679 * -0.20701 | - | 0.327 * 0.9408 |
| = | -3.08 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was CHF38,224 Mil.
Revenue was 112588.312 + 57063.427 + 113057.826 + 111199.751 = CHF393,909 Mil.
Gross Profit was 112588.312 + 57063.427 + 113057.826 + 111199.751 = CHF393,909 Mil.
Total Current Assets was CHF183,200 Mil.
Total Assets was CHF925,317 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was CHF187,310 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was CHF11,205 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was CHF25,659 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was CHF52,059 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was CHF106,315 Mil.
Net Income was 32493.995 + -11485.193 + 32335.165 + 32858.952 = CHF86,203 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 57258.408 + 59752.332 + 59972.042 + 56779.425 = CHF233,762 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 12453.12 + 12296.632 + 11195.574 + 8045.372 = CHF43,991 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was CHF38,362 Mil.
Revenue was 86205.606 + 61745.179 + 9005.396 + 64003.131 = CHF220,959 Mil.
Gross Profit was 86205.606 + 61745.179 + 9005.396 + 64003.131 = CHF220,959 Mil.
Total Current Assets was CHF158,152 Mil.
Total Assets was CHF883,590 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was CHF183,493 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was CHF10,366 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was CHF23,762 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was CHF48,671 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was CHF112,085 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (38224.16 / 393909.316) | / | (38362.356 / 220959.312) |
| = | 0.097038 | / | 0.173617 |
| | = | 0.5589 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (220959.312 / 220959.312) | / | (393909.316 / 393909.316) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (183200.097 + 187309.626) / 925316.974) | / | (1 - (158152.142 + 183492.594) / 883589.994) |
| = | 0.599586 | / | 0.613345 |
| | = | 0.9776 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 393909.316 | / | 220959.312 |
| | = | 1.7827 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (10365.925 / (10365.925 + 183492.594)) | / | (11205.014 / (11205.014 + 187309.626)) |
| = | 0.053472 | / | 0.056444 |
| | = | 0.9473 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (25659.338 / 393909.316) | / | (23761.909 / 220959.312) |
| = | 0.06514 | / | 0.10754 |
| | = | 0.6057 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((106315.053 + 52059.23) / 925316.974) | / | ((112085.454 + 48671.442) / 883589.994) |
| = | 0.171157 | / | 0.181936 |
| | = | 0.9408 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (86202.919 - 233762.207 | - | 43990.698) | / | 925316.974 |
| | = | -0.20701 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Berkshire Hathaway has a M-score of -3.08 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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