Solvay Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Solvay's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Solvay Beneish M-Score Chart
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Solvay Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.95 |
-3.21 |
-2.16 |
-2.27 |
-2.83 |
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Solvay Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.27 |
-2.64 |
-3.03 |
-3.34 |
-2.83 |
Competitive Comparison of Solvay's Beneish M-Score
For the Chemicals subindustry, Solvay's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Solvay's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Chemicals Industry
For the Chemicals industry and Basic Materials sector, Solvay's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Solvay's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Solvay Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Solvay for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.2318 | + | 0.528 * 1.0919 | + | 0.404 * 0.7103 | + | 0.892 * 0.3748 | + | 0.115 * 0.4707 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0007 | + | 4.679 * 0.025919 | - | 0.327 * 0.9825 |
| = | -2.83 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €1,006 Mil.
Revenue was -4068 + 3033 + 3451 + 3608 = €6,024 Mil.
Gross Profit was -1623 + 901 + 1012 + 1093 = €1,383 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €2,714 Mil.
Total Assets was €7,022 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €2,409 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €994 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €527 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €2,192 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €243 Mil.
Net Income was 1429 + 220 + 197 + 246 = €2,092 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 183 + 625 + 781 + 321 = €1,910 Mil.
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Total Receivables was €2,179 Mil.
Revenue was 3907 + 4410 + 4062 + 3693 = €16,072 Mil.
Gross Profit was 956 + 1115 + 1069 + 889 = €4,029 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €7,010 Mil.
Total Assets was €20,660 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €5,784 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €922 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €1,405 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €4,885 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €2,407 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1006 / 6024) | / | (2179 / 16072) |
| = | 0.166999 | / | 0.135577 |
| | = | 1.2318 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (4029 / 16072) | / | (1383 / 6024) |
| = | 0.250684 | / | 0.229582 |
| | = | 1.0919 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (2714 + 2409) / 7022) | / | (1 - (7010 + 5784) / 20660) |
| = | 0.270436 | / | 0.380736 |
| | = | 0.7103 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 6024 | / | 16072 |
| | = | 0.3748 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (922 / (922 + 5784)) | / | (994 / (994 + 2409)) |
| = | 0.137489 | / | 0.292095 |
| | = | 0.4707 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (527 / 6024) | / | (1405 / 16072) |
| = | 0.087483 | / | 0.087419 |
| | = | 1.0007 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((243 + 2192) / 7022) | / | ((2407 + 4885) / 20660) |
| = | 0.346767 | / | 0.352953 |
| | = | 0.9825 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2092 - 0 | - | 1910) | / | 7022 |
| | = | 0.025919 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Solvay has a M-score of -2.83 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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