Heineken Holding NV Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Heineken Holding NV's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Heineken Holding NV Beneish M-Score Chart
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Heineken Holding NV Annual Data
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Dec14 |
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Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.73 |
-3.24 |
-2.33 |
-2.38 |
-2.69 |
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Heineken Holding NV Semi-Annual Data
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Jun14 |
Dec14 |
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Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.33 |
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-2.38 |
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-2.69 |
Competitive Comparison of Heineken Holding NV's Beneish M-Score
For the Beverages - Brewers subindustry, Heineken Holding NV's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Heineken Holding NV's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Beverages - Alcoholic Industry
For the Beverages - Alcoholic industry and Consumer Defensive sector, Heineken Holding NV's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Heineken Holding NV's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Heineken Holding NV Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Heineken Holding NV for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0478 | + | 0.528 * 1.0383 | + | 0.404 * 0.9853 | + | 0.892 * 1.0572 | + | 0.115 * 0.7018 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1 | + | 4.679 * -0.059462 | - | 0.327 * 1.0202 |
| = | -2.69 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €5,019 Mil.
Revenue was €30,362 Mil.
Gross Profit was €10,285 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €11,399 Mil.
Total Assets was €54,758 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €14,772 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €3,096 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €14,825 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €14,046 Mil.
Net Income was €1,174 Mil.
Gross Profit was €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was €4,430 Mil.
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Total Receivables was €4,531 Mil.
Revenue was €28,719 Mil.
Gross Profit was €10,101 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €11,015 Mil.
Total Assets was €52,406 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €13,623 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,886 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €14,190 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €12,893 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (5019 / 30362) | / | (4531 / 28719) |
| = | 0.165305 | / | 0.15777 |
| | = | 1.0478 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (10101 / 28719) | / | (10285 / 30362) |
| = | 0.351718 | / | 0.338746 |
| | = | 1.0383 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (11399 + 14772) / 54758) | / | (1 - (11015 + 13623) / 52406) |
| = | 0.522061 | / | 0.529863 |
| | = | 0.9853 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 30362 | / | 28719 |
| | = | 1.0572 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1886 / (1886 + 13623)) | / | (3096 / (3096 + 14772)) |
| = | 0.121607 | / | 0.173271 |
| | = | 0.7018 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 30362) | / | (0 / 28719) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((14046 + 14825) / 54758) | / | ((12893 + 14190) / 52406) |
| = | 0.527247 | / | 0.516792 |
| | = | 1.0202 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1174 - 0 | - | 4430) | / | 54758 |
| | = | -0.059462 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Heineken Holding NV has a M-score of -2.69 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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