Charles Schwab Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Charles Schwab for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.1365 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0339 | + | 0.892 * 0.8827 | + | 0.115 * 0.8999 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1704 | + | 4.679 * -0.029391 | - | 0.327 * 1.1895 |
| = | -2.69 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €67,462 Mil.
Revenue was 4088.903 + 4315.822 + 4297.488 + 4778.344 = €17,481 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4088.903 + 4315.822 + 4297.488 + 4778.344 = €17,481 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €204,324 Mil.
Total Assets was €452,244 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €3,961 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,241 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €6,445 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €107,967 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €23,959 Mil.
Net Income was 958.265 + 1054.125 + 1194.362 + 1497.202 = €4,704 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 18373.929 + -4695.307 + -4814.368 + 9131.718 = €17,996 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €67,252 Mil.
Revenue was 5189.168 + 5555 + 4817.978 + 4242.176 = €19,804 Mil.
Gross Profit was 5189.168 + 5555 + 4817.978 + 4242.176 = €19,804 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €244,747 Mil.
Total Assets was €520,873 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €4,350 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,189 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €6,239 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €108,077 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €19,662 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (67461.856 / 17480.557) | / | (67251.504 / 19804.322) |
| = | 3.859251 | / | 3.395799 |
| | = | 1.1365 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (19804.322 / 19804.322) | / | (17480.557 / 17480.557) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (204324.106 + 3961.44) / 452244.226) | / | (1 - (244747.104 + 4349.952) / 520872.768) |
| = | 0.53944 | / | 0.52177 |
| | = | 1.0339 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 17480.557 | / | 19804.322 |
| | = | 0.8827 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1188.848 / (1188.848 + 4349.952)) | / | (1240.86 / (1240.86 + 3961.44)) |
| = | 0.21464 | / | 0.238521 |
| | = | 0.8999 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (6445.178 / 17480.557) | / | (6238.64 / 19804.322) |
| = | 0.368706 | / | 0.315014 |
| | = | 1.1704 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((23959.376 + 107966.663) / 452244.226) | / | ((19661.632 + 108076.672) / 520872.768) |
| = | 0.291714 | / | 0.245239 |
| | = | 1.1895 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (4703.954 - 0 | - | 17995.972) | / | 452244.226 |
| | = | -0.029391 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Charles Schwab has a M-score of -2.69 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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