Credit Suisse Group AG Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Credit Suisse Group AG for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9774 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.1074 | + | 0.892 * 0.8574 | + | 0.115 * 1.4664 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1052 | + | 4.679 * -0.039734 | - | 0.327 * 1.2936 |
| = | -2.83 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec22) TTM: | Last Year (Dec21) TTM: |
Total Receivables was CHF16,401 Mil.
Revenue was 2945 + 3493 + 3508 + 4399 = CHF14,345 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2945 + 3493 + 3508 + 4399 = CHF14,345 Mil.
Total Current Assets was CHF87,052 Mil.
Total Assets was CHF531,358 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was CHF6,929 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was CHF1,737 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was CHF11,344 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was CHF28,232 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was CHF159,654 Mil.
Net Income was -1393 + -4034 + -1593 + -273 = CHF-7,293 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = CHF0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 8463 + 8594 + 1408 + -4645 = CHF13,820 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was CHF19,571 Mil.
Revenue was 4325 + 5467 + 4298 + 2640 = CHF16,730 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4325 + 5467 + 4298 + 2640 = CHF16,730 Mil.
Total Current Assets was CHF186,717 Mil.
Total Assets was CHF755,833 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was CHF7,305 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was CHF3,041 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was CHF11,971 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was CHF37,107 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was CHF169,487 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (16401 / 14345) | / | (19571 / 16730) |
| = | 1.143325 | / | 1.169815 |
| | = | 0.9774 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (16730 / 16730) | / | (14345 / 14345) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (87052 + 6929) / 531358) | / | (1 - (186717 + 7305) / 755833) |
| = | 0.823131 | / | 0.7433 |
| | = | 1.1074 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 14345 | / | 16730 |
| | = | 0.8574 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (3041 / (3041 + 7305)) | / | (1737 / (1737 + 6929)) |
| = | 0.29393 | / | 0.200438 |
| | = | 1.4664 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (11344 / 14345) | / | (11971 / 16730) |
| = | 0.790798 | / | 0.715541 |
| | = | 1.1052 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((159654 + 28232) / 531358) | / | ((169487 + 37107) / 755833) |
| = | 0.353596 | / | 0.273333 |
| | = | 1.2936 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-7293 - 0 | - | 13820) | / | 531358 |
| | = | -0.039734 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Credit Suisse Group AG has a M-score of -2.83 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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