Citizens Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Citizens for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9554 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9996 | + | 0.892 * 1.0351 | + | 0.115 * 0.9528 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0079 | + | 4.679 * -0.000747 | - | 0.327 * 0.9803 |
| = | -2.49 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $16.8 Mil.
Revenue was 66.849 + 59.39 + 58.527 + 55.914 = $240.7 Mil.
Gross Profit was 66.849 + 59.39 + 58.527 + 55.914 = $240.7 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $1,282.8 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,668.9 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $11.8 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0.5 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $47.1 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $55.0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $0.0 Mil.
Net Income was 10.741 + 2.698 + 6.126 + 4.872 = $24.4 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 1.007 + 0.884 + 0.857 + 0.879 = $3.6 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 6.612 + 3.246 + 4.844 + 7.354 = $22.1 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $17.0 Mil.
Revenue was 67.257 + 56.176 + 53.734 + 55.357 = $232.5 Mil.
Gross Profit was 67.257 + 56.176 + 53.734 + 55.357 = $232.5 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $1,220.8 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,590.7 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $12.9 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0.5 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $45.2 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $53.5 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $0.0 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (16.801 / 240.68) | / | (16.99 / 232.524) |
| = | 0.069806 | / | 0.073068 |
| | = | 0.9554 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (232.524 / 232.524) | / | (240.68 / 240.68) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (1282.779 + 11.809) / 1668.928) | / | (1 - (1220.823 + 12.926) / 1590.703) |
| = | 0.2243 | / | 0.2244 |
| | = | 0.9996 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 240.68 | / | 232.524 |
| | = | 1.0351 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (0.536 / (0.536 + 12.926)) | / | (0.515 / (0.515 + 11.809)) |
| = | 0.039816 | / | 0.041788 |
| | = | 0.9528 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (47.131 / 240.68) | / | (45.177 / 232.524) |
| = | 0.195824 | / | 0.19429 |
| | = | 1.0079 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((0 + 55.042) / 1668.928) | / | ((0 + 53.514) / 1590.703) |
| = | 0.03298 | / | 0.033642 |
| | = | 0.9803 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (24.437 - 3.627 | - | 22.056) | / | 1668.928 |
| | = | -0.000747 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Citizens has a M-score of -2.49 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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