First Citizens Bancshares (TN) Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of First Citizens Bancshares (TN) for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0461 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.105 | + | 0.892 * 1.103 | + | 0.115 * 0.9983 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9732 | + | 4.679 * -0.010322 | - | 0.327 * 0.411 |
| = | -2.15 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec18) TTM: | Last Year (Dec17) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $110 Mil.
Revenue was 416.435 + 398.439 + 392.008 + 375.614 = $1,582 Mil.
Gross Profit was 416.435 + 398.439 + 392.008 + 375.614 = $1,582 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $4,994 Mil.
Total Assets was $35,409 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,204 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $120 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $717 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $134 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $320 Mil.
Net Income was 89.473 + 117.318 + 93.291 + 100.231 = $400 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 130.193 + 115.638 + 61.581 + 458.388 = $766 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $95 Mil.
Revenue was 385.713 + 364.002 + 352.212 + 332.794 = $1,435 Mil.
Gross Profit was 385.713 + 364.002 + 352.212 + 332.794 = $1,435 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $7,612 Mil.
Total Assets was $34,528 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,138 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $114 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $668 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $191 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $885 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (109.903 / 1582.496) | / | (95.249 / 1434.721) |
| = | 0.069449 | / | 0.066389 |
| | = | 1.0461 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1434.721 / 1434.721) | / | (1582.496 / 1582.496) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (4994.453 + 1204.179) / 35408.629) | / | (1 - (7611.579 + 1138.431) / 34527.512) |
| = | 0.82494 | / | 0.746579 |
| | = | 1.105 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1582.496 | / | 1434.721 |
| | = | 1.103 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (113.646 / (113.646 + 1138.431)) | / | (120.429 / (120.429 + 1204.179)) |
| = | 0.090766 | / | 0.090917 |
| | = | 0.9983 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (716.922 / 1582.496) | / | (667.849 / 1434.721) |
| = | 0.453032 | / | 0.465491 |
| | = | 0.9732 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((319.867 + 133.969) / 35408.629) | / | ((885.24 + 191.427) / 34527.512) |
| = | 0.012817 | / | 0.031183 |
| | = | 0.411 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (400.313 - 0 | - | 765.8) | / | 35408.629 |
| | = | -0.010322 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
First Citizens Bancshares (TN) has a M-score of -2.15 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
Quick Browse
Personalize
Premium Gurus 
Create New Portfolio
Portfolio Contest
FIZN has been successfully added to your