Fiserv Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Fiserv's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Fiserv Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
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-1.43 |
-2.71 |
-2.57 |
-2.49 |
-2.69 |
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Fiserv Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
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|
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-2.49 |
-2.56 |
-3.35 |
-2.69 |
-2.69 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Information Technology Services subindustry, Fiserv's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Fiserv Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Software industry and Technology sector, Fiserv's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Fiserv's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Fiserv Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Fiserv for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9282 | + | 0.528 * 0.9183 | + | 0.404 * 0.9151 | + | 0.892 * 1.0765 | + | 0.115 * 1.0461 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0082 | + | 4.679 * -0.023336 | - | 0.327 * 1.0883 |
| = | -2.69 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $3,582 Mil.
Revenue was 4917 + 4873 + 4756 + 4547 = $19,093 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3075 + 2979 + 2827 + 2542 = $11,423 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $34,811 Mil.
Total Assets was $90,890 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $2,161 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $3,121 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $6,576 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $33,552 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $22,363 Mil.
Net Income was 870 + 952 + 683 + 563 = $3,068 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -64 + 141 + -26 + -24 = $27 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 1595 + 1559 + 878 + 1130 = $5,162 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $3,585 Mil.
Revenue was 4631 + 4518 + 4450 + 4138 = $17,737 Mil.
Gross Profit was 2651 + 2522 + 2406 + 2166 = $9,745 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $27,544 Mil.
Total Assets was $83,869 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,958 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $3,169 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $6,059 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $26,458 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $20,950 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (3582 / 19093) | / | (3585 / 17737) |
| = | 0.187608 | / | 0.20212 |
| | = | 0.9282 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (9745 / 17737) | / | (11423 / 19093) |
| = | 0.549416 | / | 0.598282 |
| | = | 0.9183 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (34811 + 2161) / 90890) | / | (1 - (27544 + 1958) / 83869) |
| = | 0.593223 | / | 0.648237 |
| | = | 0.9151 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 19093 | / | 17737 |
| | = | 1.0765 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (3169 / (3169 + 1958)) | / | (3121 / (3121 + 2161)) |
| = | 0.6181 | / | 0.590875 |
| | = | 1.0461 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (6576 / 19093) | / | (6059 / 17737) |
| = | 0.344419 | / | 0.341602 |
| | = | 1.0082 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((22363 + 33552) / 90890) | / | ((20950 + 26458) / 83869) |
| = | 0.615194 | / | 0.565262 |
| | = | 1.0883 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (3068 - 27 | - | 5162) | / | 90890 |
| | = | -0.023336 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Fiserv has a M-score of -2.69 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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