The Carlyle Group Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of The Carlyle Group for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 3.0965 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9776 | + | 0.892 * 0.3947 | + | 0.115 * 0.8815 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 2.8696 | + | 4.679 * -0.038407 | - | 0.327 * 1.0654 |
| = | -1.64 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $833 Mil.
Revenue was -373.7 + 627.3 + 437.1 + 633.5 = $1,324 Mil.
Gross Profit was -373.7 + 627.3 + 437.1 + 633.5 = $1,324 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $2,619 Mil.
Total Assets was $21,176 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $494 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $181 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $652 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $276 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $9,256 Mil.
Net Income was -692 + 81.3 + -98.4 + 100.7 = $-608 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 254.1 + 799.8 + -736.5 + -112.5 = $205 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $681 Mil.
Revenue was 647.3 + 813.7 + 751 + 1143.3 = $3,355 Mil.
Gross Profit was 647.3 + 813.7 + 751 + 1143.3 = $3,355 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $2,251 Mil.
Total Assets was $21,403 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $477 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $147 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $576 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $363 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $8,680 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (832.6 / 1324.2) | / | (681.3 / 3355.3) |
| = | 0.628757 | / | 0.203052 |
| | = | 3.0965 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (3355.3 / 3355.3) | / | (1324.2 / 1324.2) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (2618.9 + 493.7) / 21176) | / | (1 - (2251 + 476.9) / 21403) |
| = | 0.853013 | / | 0.872546 |
| | = | 0.9776 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1324.2 | / | 3355.3 |
| | = | 0.3947 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (147.4 / (147.4 + 476.9)) | / | (180.6 / (180.6 + 493.7)) |
| = | 0.236104 | / | 0.267833 |
| | = | 0.8815 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (652.1 / 1324.2) | / | (575.8 / 3355.3) |
| = | 0.492448 | / | 0.171609 |
| | = | 2.8696 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((9255.6 + 275.9) / 21176) | / | ((8679.8 + 362.5) / 21403) |
| = | 0.450109 | / | 0.422478 |
| | = | 1.0654 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-608.4 - 0 | - | 204.9) | / | 21176 |
| | = | -0.038407 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
The Carlyle Group has a M-score of -1.64 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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