Booking Holdings Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Booking Holdings's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Booking Holdings Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
|
|
|
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-2.66 |
-3.48 |
-1.53 |
-2.53 |
-2.80 |
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Booking Holdings Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
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-2.53 |
-3.06 |
-2.81 |
-2.83 |
-2.80 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Travel Services subindustry, Booking Holdings's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Booking Holdings Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Travel & Leisure industry and Consumer Cyclical sector, Booking Holdings's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Booking Holdings's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Booking Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Booking Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.1674 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.7349 | + | 0.892 * 1.2501 | + | 0.115 * 1.0235 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0251 | + | 4.679 * -0.105907 | - | 0.327 * 1.2968 |
| = | -2.80 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $3,253 Mil.
Revenue was 4784 + 7341 + 5462 + 3778 = $21,365 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4784 + 7341 + 5462 + 3778 = $21,365 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $17,034 Mil.
Total Assets was $24,342 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,489 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $665 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $14,366 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $13,330 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $12,822 Mil.
Net Income was 222 + 2511 + 1290 + 266 = $4,289 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -223 + 9 + -81 + -182 = $-477 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 1346 + 1372 + 1737 + 2889 = $7,344 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $2,229 Mil.
Revenue was 4049 + 6052 + 4294 + 2695 = $17,090 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4049 + 6052 + 4294 + 2695 = $17,090 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $15,798 Mil.
Total Assets was $25,361 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,314 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $607 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $11,210 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $8,474 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $12,537 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (3253 / 21365) | / | (2229 / 17090) |
| = | 0.152258 | / | 0.130427 |
| | = | 1.1674 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (17090 / 17090) | / | (21365 / 21365) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (17034 + 1489) / 24342) | / | (1 - (15798 + 1314) / 25361) |
| = | 0.239052 | / | 0.325263 |
| | = | 0.7349 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 21365 | / | 17090 |
| | = | 1.2501 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (607 / (607 + 1314)) | / | (665 / (665 + 1489)) |
| = | 0.315981 | / | 0.308728 |
| | = | 1.0235 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (14366 / 21365) | / | (11210 / 17090) |
| = | 0.672408 | / | 0.655939 |
| | = | 1.0251 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((12822 + 13330) / 24342) | / | ((12537 + 8474) / 25361) |
| = | 1.074357 | / | 0.828477 |
| | = | 1.2968 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (4289 - -477 | - | 7344) | / | 24342 |
| | = | -0.105907 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Booking Holdings has a M-score of -2.80 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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