Apple Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Apple's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Apple Annual Data
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Trend |
Sep14 |
Sep15 |
Sep16 |
Sep17 |
Sep18 |
Sep19 |
Sep20 |
Sep21 |
Sep22 |
Sep23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.87 |
-2.97 |
-2.25 |
-2.66 |
-2.67 |
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Apple Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
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|
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-2.82 |
-2.90 |
-2.83 |
-2.67 |
-2.79 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Consumer Electronics subindustry, Apple's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Apple Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Hardware industry and Technology sector, Apple's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Apple's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Apple Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Apple for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9291 | + | 0.528 * 0.9563 | + | 0.404 * 0.9312 | + | 0.892 * 0.9953 | + | 0.115 * 1.0042 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9991 | + | 4.679 * -0.04341 | - | 0.327 * 0.9483 |
| = | -2.79 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $50,102 Mil.
Revenue was 119575 + 89498 + 81797 + 94836 = $385,706 Mil.
Gross Profit was 54855 + 40427 + 36413 + 41976 = $173,671 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $143,692 Mil.
Total Assets was $353,514 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $43,666 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $11,451 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $25,111 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $133,973 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $95,088 Mil.
Net Income was 33916 + 22956 + 19881 + 24160 = $100,913 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -50 + 47 + -247 + 76 = $-174 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 39895 + 21598 + 26380 + 28560 = $116,433 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $54,180 Mil.
Revenue was 117154 + 90146 + 82959 + 97278 = $387,537 Mil.
Gross Profit was 50332 + 38095 + 35885 + 42559 = $166,871 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $128,777 Mil.
Total Assets was $346,747 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $42,951 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $11,323 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $25,252 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $137,286 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $99,627 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (50102 / 385706) | / | (54180 / 387537) |
| = | 0.129897 | / | 0.139806 |
| | = | 0.9291 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (166871 / 387537) | / | (173671 / 385706) |
| = | 0.430594 | / | 0.450268 |
| | = | 0.9563 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (143692 + 43666) / 353514) | / | (1 - (128777 + 42951) / 346747) |
| = | 0.470013 | / | 0.504746 |
| | = | 0.9312 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 385706 | / | 387537 |
| | = | 0.9953 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (11323 / (11323 + 42951)) | / | (11451 / (11451 + 43666)) |
| = | 0.208627 | / | 0.207758 |
| | = | 1.0042 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (25111 / 385706) | / | (25252 / 387537) |
| = | 0.065104 | / | 0.06516 |
| | = | 0.9991 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((95088 + 133973) / 353514) | / | ((99627 + 137286) / 346747) |
| = | 0.647955 | / | 0.683245 |
| | = | 0.9483 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (100913 - -174 | - | 116433) | / | 353514 |
| | = | -0.04341 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Apple has a M-score of -2.79 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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